The New Nation - Internet Edition

Savvy Soumya Mishra

The Food Outlook report of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) predicts that foodgrain prices will rise for another 10 years. For most cereals supplies are much tighter than in recent years, while demand is rising for food as well as feed and industrial use. Stocks, which were already low at the start of the season, are likely to remain equally low because global cereal production may only be sufficient to meet expected world utilization. Although the world cereal production in 2007-08 is estimated to have gone up by 5 per cent, most of it is attributed to a sharp increase in maize, the main foodgrain used for biofuel.

Wheat

Closing stock (2007-08): 142.6 mln tonnes; slightly down from last year;

Current price (Feb): US $449/tonne; 115% up

In February 2008, wheat prices rose by 15 per cent due to record low stocks and poor winter-wheat crop prospects in southwest US and northern China. Between December 2005 and December 2007, wheat prices jumped from US $167 per tonne to US $381 per tonne. The current global wheat stocks are estimated the lowest since 1982-it is expected to fall to 110.4 million tones by May 31, according to the US Department of Agriculture. According to FAO 's latest forecast, world wheat production in 2007-08 stands at 602 million tonnes, significantly below expectations and just 1 per cent more than the previous year.

For 2008-09, the US Department of Agriculture forecasts world wheat production to increase by 4 per cent to a near-record 617 million tonnes. But higher production will be partly offset by already low stocks.

The main reason for the rise in price was the drought in Australia, the second largest supplier of wheat. Australia harvests nearly 25 million tonnes of wheat in a good year but in 2006 the production was only 9.8 million tonnes. Exports from other wheat suppliers like Canada, EU, Turkey and Syria also saw a dip due to unfavourable climatic conditions. High demand for wheat for biofuel and feed further depleted the global supply.

As a result of this shortage India bought wheat for the second consecutive year.

In 2007-08, India imported 0.68 million tonnes of wheat; in 2006-07 it had imported 5.8 million tonnes. Estimates suggest imports will not be required for 2008-09, says T Haque, chairperson of the Commission for Agriculture Costs and Prices. However, there are speculations that India may have to import 3 million tonnes of wheat to shore up its stocks. FAO forecast slightly higher imports of wheat for China, where government procurement under the minimum purchase programme this year is down by 30 per cent from the previous season.

Rice Closing stock: 107.6 million tonnes; slightly up; Current price: US $500 per tonne; nearly twofold The price of rice crossed the US $500-atonne mark in the beginning of March 2008, reaching the highest in the past 20 years. According to FAO, demand for during 2007-08 is likely to be 429.2 million tonnes against a production of 429.3 million tonnes. Ending stocks are projected to be 107.6 million tonnes, up 0.7 per cent over the previous season. Rice production in 2007-08 is estimated increase by a mere 0.6 million tonnes.

Heavy demand from the Philippines, the largest importer of rice and African countries has pushed the prices of rice. Supply shortage in Pakistan, where electricity crunch has hampered mills from functioning at full capacity and a ban on export by India and China have also added to it. In March 2008, India banned export of the non-basmati variety at less than US $650 per tonne. The move was to compensate for wheat shortage in procurement for the public distribution system. However, India partially relaxed the ban for Madagascar, Mauritius, Comoros Island and cyclone-hit Bangladesh. China banned exports to ensure domestic availability.

Across the world, Vietnam sold broken rice to the Philippines at a record US $750 per tonne. In Thailand, rice and wheat prices went up by 30-40 per cent in the past three months. Exporters in the country are hoarding rice and wheat in anticipation of a further rise in prices. Pakistan saw a 60 per cent jump in price in the past few months.

Maize

Closing stock: 133 million tonnes, 14% up; Current price: US $220 per tonne, up by 24% Between December 2005 and December 2007, the price increased from US $103 a tonne to US $180 a tonne. Despite a record 9 per cent production growth in coarse grain-the bulk of which came from maize-in 2007-08, the maize price peaked at a 10-year high of US $220 per tonne in February 2007. It has now breached the US $230 per tonne mark.

Strong demand for biofuels coupled with a steady growth in demand for animal feed, particularly in Europe, has lead to an increase in the prices of maize. The US supplies more than 60 per cent of world maize exports. But in 2007-08, a quarter of the US maize-that is 11 per cent of the global maize crop-went into biofuel production. US, the largest market for ethanol, used almost 54 million tonnes of maize for biofuel in 2006-07 and is estimated to have used 81.3 million tonnes in 2007-08, according to FAO.

Oilseeds

The past one-and-a-half years, soya bean and palm oil rates have seen a sharp increase. In fact, the rise in the prices of edible oils was the sharpest among all food items, and is likely to continue. The price of palm oil rose from US $350 per tonne to US $1,250 per tonne in the past one year. Soya bean price has increased to US $499.43 per tonne in a year.

According to FAO, increase in oilseed production in 2007-08 is less than 2 per over the previous year. Palm, palm kernel, copra, rapeseed and groundnut oil production is likely to see a sizeable increase, while a fall is anticipated for soya bean and sunflower seed oil.

Biofuel accounted for almost half the increase in the worldwide demand for vegetable oils last year, according to Oil World, a forecasting service in Hamburg, Germany. Rising consumer demand in China and India has also pushed the demand of oil. Floods in Malaysia, one of the big producers of palm oil, led to a shortfall in production. Palm oil is being accepted as a healthier option to trans fats and hence there is an increased demand in Europe.

Across the world, there was stampede in Chongqing, China, when a store announced a cooking oil promotion in November 2007. The stampede in the store left three dead and 31 injured. Last year, China was the world's biggest palm oil importer. In Malaysia tropical forests were cleared to make way for palm plantation to meet the demands of the European nations for biofuel.

Dairy and poultry

Increase in per capita income has led greater demand for meat and milk products worldwide, inducing a price rise. India and China have seen a significant shift in this regard. With increasing consumption of livestock products more grain is being diverted as feed. Today 200-250 million tonnes more grain is being fed to livestock than 20 years ago, according to FAO. It forecast an increase in production of beef and sheep and goat meat owing to a growing demand in developing countries. Developed countries will witness a fall in the meat production. Asia, especially China and India, is estimated to have witnessed maximum growth in milk production. According to the US Department of Agriculture, milk prices jumped 12 per cent in 2007 and production is expected to rise by 2.7 per cent in 2008.

In India, milk and egg prices have risen by about 20 per cent in a year. In China in 1985, a person on an average ate 20 kg of meat annually. Now he consumes almost 50 kg. EU expects milk demand to rise in 2008. The European Commission predicts the need for an additional supply of about 8 million tonnes of milk in EU by 2014.

Clearly, there is a mismatch between demand and supply of cereals. And the factors contributing to this widening gap are more than just population growth. Although the reasons for shooting prices vary from cereal to cereal and region to region, there are certain overarching trends that have contributed to the crisis-like situation. While climate changes played spoilsport by constraining supply, biofuel and changing dietary preferences pushed up demand. Fall in soil fertility and rise in prices of fertilizers, due to increasing cost of oil, and seeds raised production cost.

The search for solutions has divided the world between those advocating GM crops and those opposed to it.

"In 1973, a jump in oil prices had doubled grain prices and now oil is again set to change the trend in grain prices. Only this time there is a search for a substitute for oil," says Ramesh Chand, national professor, Indian Council for Agricultural Research, Delhi. Globally, the shift towards biofuel and cereal being used for the production of ethanol are being seen as the main factors pushing up foodgrain prices. More and more land is being diverted to biofuel than to food. Since most of the maize, used as cattle feed, was being diverted to biofuel, its prices shot up and wheat soon replaced maize as feed in several countries. Much of the 5 per cent growth in global cereal production in 2007-08 is attributed to a sharp increase in maize output.

In the US, one-fourth of the total maize production and one-fifth of the total corn output is being used for biofuel generation. The US plans to increase its biofuel production from the targeted 34 billion litres in 2008 to 136 billion litres in 2022, of which 75 billion litres can come from grain. This impacts the food price. According to a World Bank report, filling up an SUV with ethanol once means having used up enough maize to feed a man for a year.

Stavros Dimas, European environment commissioner, admitted that the EU had underestimated the dangers of food shortages and rain forest destruction when setting a binding target for 10 per cent of all EU fuels to come from "green" sources by 2020. According to EU, its biodiesel industry uses 60 per cent of the rapeseed oil output. In the US, the biofuel industry is likely to absorb 20 per cent of the domestic soya oil production.

According to a 2007 study by the International Water Management Institute, China aims to increase biofuel production fourfold to 15 billion litres of ethanol-9 per cent of its projected petrol demand-by 2020, from 3.6 billion litres in 2002. India is also focused on ramping up ethanol production. In October, the government approved a plan to require oil companies to sell petrol with a blend of at least 10 per cent ethanol by next year, which is double the current levels. The study states that to meet their biofuel targets, China will need to produce 26 per cent more maize and India, 16 per cent more sugarcane.

"We need to understand the cost of producing biofuel. Not only will we use fossil fuel to run biofuel plants, we are also clearing fields and forests to make way for biofuel crops," says Praveen Jha, professor, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi.

The impact of climate change is beginning to show across the world. Drought-like conditions in major cereal producers Australia, European Union and Canada have affected cereal production. Central Asian countries are facing extreme cold conditions with temperatures dipping to a 25-year low, hampering agriculture.

A December 2007 report by the International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, warns that climate change is likely to add to food insecurity, further fuelling prices. The report, World Food Situation: New Driving Forces and Required Actions, projects that by 2020 the production of all agricultural produce in developing nations will decline by 20 per cent, while that in industrial countries by 6 per cent. It estimates that a 3°C rise could lead to a 40 per cent increase in the prices of foodgrain.

FAO, in a recent report, said agriculture in the Middle East and North Africa will suffer losses because of high temperature, droughts, floods and soil degradation threatening the food security of many countries. "The number of dry days is expected to increase everywhere in the region. The number of frost days should decrease, while heat waves in the region's more continental areas might become more frequent. As a result, the length of growing seasons should decrease," said Wulf Killmann, chairperson of FAO's working group on climate change. The Nile delta and the Gulf coast of the Arabian peninsula are particularly vulnerable to floods.

Another trend contributing to the rising prices of foodgrain is the growing demand for meat and other livestock products. The dietary shift is directly related to a rise in per capita income in developing countries, especially India and China. Increased meat consumption, in turn, stoked the demand for cereals to feed animals. As maize was diverted to ethanol production, wheat was diverted as feed. Diversion of maize to biofuel and the rising demand for feed pushed the prices of other feed like barley and sorghum. FAO estimates a record production of coarse grains in the US, Brazil and Mexico owing to a high demand for biofuel and feed.

Higher economic growth in Uganda, Angola and Mozambique, is leading to a preference for rice, which is easy to cook and cheaper to import than be grown domestically. The trend is also prominent in low-productive eastern and southern African countries.

Depletion of natural resources is also hampering agricultural growth. A report published in January 2008 by UK based consultant Bidwells Agribusiness states that scarcity of water and arable land prolonged food inflation. Richard Warburton, the head of Bidwells Agribusiness, says, "Sustainability will ultimately be defined by food production per area of land and quantity of water used, as these are the obviously limiting factors."

Can India insulate itself from the rise in global food prices? Answers are neither certain nor unanimous. While some economists believe that price rise is a cyclical phenomenon and will be under control within three months, others believe the trend is here to stay. However, with the inflation rate keeping above the 5 per cent RBI limit for three consecutive weeks, one thing is clear: the government needs to act.

The agriculture ministry estimates a bumper 76-million-tonne wheat harvest this rabi season, but the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, pegs the figure at a maximum of 73 million tonnes. The Commission for Agriculture Costs and Prices also warns of an overall increase in the price of essential commodities in 2008-09.

Traders and farmers also expect that supplies would be tight this year. "The production is estimated to decrease by 20 per cent if the temperature does not dip by early April," says Parikshit Singh, a farmer at Haryana's Tarawari grain mandi.

He has a reason to worry, for the wheat yield is susceptible to slight temperature variations.

"The prices are high because there is shortage of grain supply in the market and demand is high," says Mahavir Prasad, a trader at the Narela mandi in Delhi. Wheat is going at about Rs 11,000 per tonne, up from Rs 9,000 a tonne in April last year.

Prasad and other traders believe it will rise to Rs 13,000 per tonne in the new season, while the government has fixed the minimum support price (MSP) at Rs 10,000 per tonne.

Surjit Bhalla, the managing director of consultancy firm Oxus Research and Investments, has a different take. "The prices of foodgrains in India have stabilized in the past few months. And this year they are going to improve since Australia and India have increased acreage of wheat. In India, the area under wheat has increased by 10-12 per cent," he says. Himanshu, associate professor of economics, JNU, also thinks that domestic supply is not a problem. "2004-05 was the last bad agricultural year after which food production improved. The production of rice and wheat was above the target last year," he says.

This view, however, oversees the fact that unfavourable weather in India can diminish the yield, while over- production could lead to a glut in the market. There is an additional threat this year: a wheat fungi capable of completely destroying the wheat produce, is moving eastward. Major wheat-producers in Asia, including Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, India and Pakistan, have been put on high alert.

There are reasons beyond demand and supply that can influence prices. "Agriculture is largely energy-intensive. And with the crude oil price touching the US $110-per-barrel mark, the cost of agricultural inputs like fertilizer and pesticides is bound to increase, thus, increasing the price of food," says M S Swaminathan, agricultural scientist.

If Indian consumers have not quite felt the pinch that is because prices have been controlled by subsidies. "Although India has raised the MSPs, it has kept the PDS prices unchanged. As a result, the food subsidy bill has gone up to more than Rs 31,000 crore (from Rs 24,000 crore in 2006-07). Similarly, the fertilizer subsidy bill has gone up to Rs 41,000 crore (from Rs 25,900 crore in 2006-07).

This is the buffer protecting Indian food prices from rising at the same rate as global prices," explains Ashok Gulati, director (Asia), International Food Policy Research Institute, US. According to the institute's director-general Joachim von Braun, however, the current global food price crisis is "worse and more long-lasting" than that of early 1970s.

"Apart from subsidies, the fact that we are producers of paddy and wheat helps. We are able to meet 90-95 per cent of our foodgrain requirements through what we produce. We need to import a marginal quantity and even if it is at a higher rate, the domestic prices are controlled," adds Bhalla. But as Himanshu points out the problem does not lie with supply as much as it lies with faulty foodgrain management and procurement. India had to import wheat in the past two years despite good production. "Private players procure at a rate higher than the MSP and then the government has no option left but to import at higher rates," explains C S C Shekhar, assistant professor, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi. "There is a need to de-link the MSP and the procurement prices. The government should purchase foodgrain from farmers at the current market rate," adds Shekhar.

The current pricing process takes into account the rates of various inputs:

fertilizer, seeds, electricity, water, etc. But usually, the time gap between setting the MSP and procuring the product is large and during this period input costs often go up substantially. Though the MSP gives a margin of 15 per cent over the total input cost, Swaminathan argues "that is not enough" and prescribes a margin of at least 50 per cent. While yield varies across the country, the MSP is fixed. "The whole set up of the MSP should be changed," he adds.

The National Commission of Farmers, headed by Swaminathan, has recommended giving farmers a lucrative offer to cut imports. The offer should be in the form of support prices in the beginning of the season to help farmers decide the economics of the produce, and procurement prices at the time of buying the produce. In case the government goes for imports, farmers should be given smart cards that would give them concessions on seeds and fertilizers. The proposal is under discussion.

To control prices the Indian government will have to aggressively procure foodgrains. It is believed that if India ends up procuring even 1 to 2 million tonnes of foodgrain from the international market, the prices will shoot up. Estimates of low winter oilseed yield add to the fear. Already, domestic prices of edible oil have been growing at a rate higher than the wholesale price index.

On March 17, the finance minister assured the Rajya Sabha that the government would do its best to control inflation to ensure that it did not hit the poor. What followed was a ban on the export of edible oils. India has already banned export of wheat and set minimum export prices for rice. It drastically reduced import duties on palm, mustard and sunflower oil. The government has also done away with the import duty on semi-milled or wholly milled rice.

Banning exports is a short-term measure to control inflation. It is also anti-farmer, say experts. Already there is resentment in Kerala over ban on export of coconut oil and the lowering of import duty on its substitute, palm oil.

"There is a lot of untapped potential in eastern India. There is a need to introduce the right technology, train farmers in multiple cropping and empower them to utilize government schemes," suggests Swaminathan.

(Source: CSE/Down To Earth Feature Service)

Deena Ezzat

Sunday's strike came and went, leaving the public, government and opposition all wondering the same thing. What next?

For the government the most pressing question is whether its tough security measures and promised package of economic intervention to offset the impact of inflation on the most vulnerable members of society will be enough to contain the anger increasingly being voiced by those who daily find it more difficult to make ends meet. The opposition, for its part, is asking if the security apparatus has already unleashed its worst or if more arrests are over the horizon while the public has been left to wonder whether any end is in sight to the economic hardships they face and the concomitant political tension. At best Sunday's strike sent out an ambivalent message. It was met with neither total disinterest nor overwhelming support, suggesting that both the opposition and the government has failed to convince the public that they have the right answers.

Sunday's strike was planned by civil society organisations and the political opposition to protest against growing economic hardships, the spiralling cost of living in particular. Riot police took over Cairo's streets for the occasion, with a majority of Cairenes remaining indoors for much of the day, either because they were unconvinced the strike would actually achieve anything, or because they feared clashes between the security apparatus and activists.

Schools, particularly those in affluent neighbourhoods, reported a fall in attendance on Sunday despite having stressed that it was a normal school day. School administrators complained that a Ministry of Interior statement issued on Saturday urging citizens to follow their normal routines had in fact had an opposite effect, compounding the anxiety of the public and leaving large numbers of parents too frightened to send their children to school.

"You never know what could have happened. The police might have decided to act harshly. I could not be sure if my children would be safe," says Afaf, a 40-year- old housewife. It was a typical reaction.

None of the peaceful marches announced earlier in the week actually took place apart from a small gathering at the headquarters of the Bar Association in Downtown Cairo, which sparked little interest among members of the public and was in any case completely surrounded by riot police, and protests by a couple of hundred students on university campuses, all of them under firm security control. The strike was more evident in Lower Egypt where shoppers were visibly fewer, demonstrations larger and security tactics even more heavy-handed. There are reports that more than 150 people, including Islamists and labour activists, were detained on Sunday on charges of inciting civil unrest and disturbing the peace.

As the dust from Sunday began to settle tension was still high, especially in Cairo. Anxious security forces -- placed on alert for Tuesday's municipal elections -- were heavily policing potential sites of assembly and arresting activists, Islamists in particular. By Wednesday the public remained apprehensive.

"Things will not improve. I can say that in full confidence," said Nadia, a housewife in her mid-40s. "Prices have been going up and up for six months now. The state has not interfered and in Egypt things change only when the state takes action," she said while pulling grocery items from the shelves of a supermarket in Heliopolis.

She was doing her weekly shopping on Sunday. "I know opposition groups have called on citizens not to go out shopping today," she said, "and it's supposed to send a message to merchants to stop putting up prices. But I also know this will not happen and if I don't do my shopping today I will have to do it tomorrow."

Nadia was in the majority, at least in Greater Cairo. Despite the fact that some store owners chose to shut down early for fear of disturbances, and the heavy private security presence at leading supermarket chains, it was business as usual for Cairo shoppers. The story was the same in wealthy neighbourhoods like Heliopolis, Mohandessin, Zamalek and Maadi and in less privileged areas such as Ain Shams, Helmiya and Imbaba. Stores and markets were not short of customers, and in most areas shopkeepers reported only a slight fall in the day's trade. The same merchants, though, also noted that shopping patterns have changed significantly in recent months.

"This is how things work [in Egypt]," said one Nasr City grocer. As the prices of many commodities doubled and even tripled over the last six months customers have progressively eliminated items they once deemed basics. The across-the-board impression is that shopping for dairy products, especially the more expensive types of cheese and yoghurt, have fallen dramatically, while even basic commodities -- tea, sugar, rice, oil and legumes -- are being bought in smaller quantities.

"Regular customers who would once buy three litres of oil now buy just one and there is little demand at all for butter products," said one Imbaba grocer. Facing reduced demand he now orders smaller quantities from the wholesalers. "And this is not a one day event. This is becoming a pattern. I think it will get worse."

Salah Abdel-Aziz, chairman of the Grocery Division at Cairo Chamber of Commerce, confirms that the pattern is widespread. While he says that the business of 200,000 traders in Greater Cairo was negatively influenced by the strike, and by the sandstorm that accompanied it, shopkeepers are facing an overall downturn in demand and have been forced to announce large reductions in an attempt to combat the trend. It is time, he argues, for the government to intervene.

"The government should import strategic products and ensure they reach consumers at reasonable prices," he argues.

Rawiyah and her husband are both civil servants. They have three children of school age and Rawiyah is finding it difficult to manage. "For close to a year now we have been removing shopping items and entertainment expenditure. Now we've started cutting down on essentials," she says. "It has really become an issue providing the kids with three balanced meals and sandwiches for school.

If I give each of my children a glass of milk in the morning it means I can give them only one sandwich to take to school," she complains. Twelve months ago Rawiyah had no problem providing her children with breakfast, morning milk, three sandwiches -- filled with cheese and cold cuts -- and a quarter litre of juice or else fruit.

Rawiyah, who lives in Ain Shams, is far from being alone among parents who feel frustrated that they have to compromise on their children's diets or a more creative life style.

Amer, a construction worker who has been unemployed for the past month, says the problem is not just the increase in the cost of food but in almost everything else.

"High prices of cement and steel have really slowed down the construction sector and the rise in the price of fertilisers has harmed agriculture. And we all know that the salaries of civil servants are meagre."

Calls for last Sunday's general strike were initiated by civil society organisations, especially Kifaya and the Muslim Brotherhood, and were broadcast via mobile phones, Facebook and word of mouth. And though the organisers were probably disappointed with the level of participation few doubt that the call itself struck a chord with the public.

When the 1977 food riots swept Egypt they were in response to much less severe price rises, yet since then Egyptians have shown few similar signs of anger except in cases of outright shock over regional political developments, especially in relation to the occupied Palestinian territories and the invasion and occupation of Iraq. During the past few months, however, this image has been changing. Workers' strikes are again a reality and virtual protests are on the increase. White collar action is also becoming common.

"Our patience is wearing really thin and our frustration with the dire economic conditions we face is suffocating," says Um Hashem, a housewife who is providing for a family of five young men and women.

Individuals who declined to take part in the strike claimed they had refrained because they felt it would have little if any impact, telling Al-Ahram Weekly that to be effective any strike must be massive. "This is not part of our culture now," comments Mohamed, an Egyptian living in Holland who arrived on holiday on the eve of the strike. He argues that the government now needs to intervene to monitor prices and the quality of commodities and services. "Even in the most open markets the state has a role to play," he says. "After all, the job of governments everywhere is to look after the interests of the people. When governments fail the public is entitled to feel angry."

And it is discontent, whether muted or vocally expressed, that was the keynote of Sunday.

(Source: Al-Ahram weekly. Additional reporting Mona El-Fiqi)