The New Nation - Internet Edition

Dr. Mihir Kumar Roy

The development of indigenous people poses a challenge to the policy makers, social workers, administrator, and NGO's activists throughout the globalised world. Even after more than three decades of planned development since liberation, the indigenous people have not been able to get the benefits of development equally with the other segment of the society. As a result, they remained backward in the development process and become poor. The Government of Bangladesh has tried to bring these people at par with the other segment of the society through various development programmes vis-a-vis projects, but still there exist great variations in the living standard.

The microcredit organisations have emerged as catalytic agent in providing financial services to the indigenous people for their socio-economic upliftment but the level of utilisation of credit by this community is meagre and uneven in most of the areas. It is thus, a matter of vital concern to the administrative authority to bring this community under an institutional framework to make optimum utilisation of credit for their economic betterment. Further operational performance of microcredit organisations, the borrowing pattern and repaying capacity of the borrowers and impact of microcredit on their socio-economic development, all are different from one region to another and even within the same region due to age-old, social, economic and cultural handicaps coupled with environmental factors. The main objective of credit institutions operating in remote areas is, therefore, to enable the schedule tribes and other weaker sections to adopt modern technology and improve their agricultural practices for increasing production as well as productivity. The various sources from which the indigenous people procure loans can be classified into non-institutional sources and institutional sources. Among the former are the village moneylenders, trade agents, commission agents, shopkeepers, friends, big farmers and landlords. The latter includes cooperatives societies, commercial bank, regional rural banks, land development banks, farmers service societies, NGOs and so on. The establishment of large-size indigenous people’s organisation from national to the grassroots level have ensured the flow of microcredit for undertaking different self- employment schemes and the effectiveness of such schemes can be gauged by their attempts to provide indigenous production as well as consumption credit, undertake marketing of agricultural and minor forest produce and distribute consumer goods and agricultural inputs so that they can secure all faculties under the same roof. The financial institution like Grameen Bank, NCBs, BKB, RAKUB, microfinance institutions at private level are giving due importance in extending financial assistance to the groups with a view to providing an alternative credit channel to enhance the efforts of the credit institution to reach the poorest of the poor normally outside the formal credit system. It is a sad commentary on our rural credit that the non-institutional agencies have traditionally provided the bulk of the loans acquired by the village community. But the institutional agencies have lately made a dent in the agricultural finance situation despite many problems and defects that have crept in.

Indebtedness has been considered as one of the most vicious causes of the exploitation of indigenous people in the country. In fact, this community is essentially non-monetary with little case surplus being generated. Once debt has been incurred, it is very difficult to be repaid by the poor indigenous people even over generations due to exorbitant interest rates and lack of knowledge of repayment terms and rates of interest, etc; and at times absence of documents. This is because of the usurious rates of interest being charged by non-institutional agencies in the remote areas in which the indigenous people live in spite of various acts and laws passed by the government. Further, charging usurious rates of land and alienation of lands are not legally allowed. However, inequitous loan terms and pernicious conditions have resulted in either land alienation or subjected indigenous people to bonded slavery for many generations. The laws passed to check the problem of usury were totally inadequate and largely ineffective.

Thus, the institutional credit agencies have come to play a pivotal role in providing microcredit to indigenous people for their economic upliftment. In fact, the supply of adequate and timely credit through different agencies, is considered as a sine-qua non for balanced development of the economy of indigenous people, while the developmental efforts of the government appear substantial, it is necessary to examine to what extent these efforts through the institutional framework for the development of indigenous people, have yielded results. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to analyse the impact of micro-credit on development of the indigenous people There are few studies available on the impact of micro-credit in socio-economic development of the poor. But it is difficult to find any acceptable study on the impact of micro-credit for the development of indigenous people.

The study entitled, impact of TMSS micro-credit on Women Development, a Study of Bogra Sadar Upazila in Bangladesh is an empirical study based on an integrated methodology of sample survey, data collection through structured questionnaire and case studies of beneficiaries covering both qualitative and quantitative information regarding socio-economic as well as socio-demographic conditions of the beneficiaries. The central concern of this study is the analytical description of impact analysis of micro-credit programme on women development in relation to its socio-economic impact. Thus, this research furnishes a wealth of information for learning about the aspects of life of the households and at the same time, however, the beneficiaries from the selected branches. In fact, this study is an attempt to explore the impact of TMSS micro-credit with a focus of its socio-economic impact on women development of the selected six branches in Bogra Sadar Upazila, the northern part of the country. It is, however, a description as well as an analytical study of TMSS micro-credit and its impact on women development. This study seeks to assess the impact of micro-credit programme on women development though it requires a long term process. This study reveals that this programme has a considerable number of positive impacts in reducing poverty and empowering the rural women. In fact, there has been an exaggeration of impact of this programme on women development in Bangladeshi society.

Ashrai. a promising organisation for financial security and well being of indigenous and the very poor people in Bangladesh, in their recent annual report, focused an integrated development approach in bringing in multifaceted development efforts for the disadvantaged women, particularly in the rural areas of tribal habitats in the North-Western Region of Bangladesh. Ashrai is currently working with more than 1 lakh members who are mostly the indigenous poor people of greater Rajshahi Division. Ashrai is committed to promote the financial security and well-being of the people. To upgrade their life and inbue them with the spirit and tools of social and economic empowerment, it is running several programmes, which are complementary to each other, These include poverty eradication programmes with microfinance and micro-enterprise activities, education and skill training, etc. Ashrai cherishes in investing more in children's education of this community to build them as future assets. Of late, the organisation has carried out substantive reforms to streamline its functions without impairing its vision mission. Ashrai has decided to make a strategic review of its programmes to spot the implications of the reforms that were carried out so far. A study commissioned in 2005 indicates that the programmes have produced positive impact in the life of the indigenous community. Their income has gone up. Financial assets have kept growing. Owning homesteads has dramatically increased. Housing expansion and renovation has also remarkably upped. Poultry and livestock rearing have spurred their interest and are taking off. All these developments have enkindle a new hope and a better tomorrow for this community.

It may be mentioned that working with hard-core people is a pretty uphill task and a costly venture. The first and foremost reason is that their loan absorption capacity is low. Initially, they take loans from their own savings and then from Ashrai to meet up the shortfalls. Indigenous community are largely scattered and thinly peopled. This leads to increased cost of supervision. Ashrai like other NGOs do not use the members' savings as loan thus, do not earn anything. The objective is to make them the manager of their own resources so that in future they can build their own institutions to become self-reliant. This is the crux of Ashrai's approach. This strategy has been denting Ashrai's ability deadly in achieving the sustainability and is taking a long time. The project has different services like financial services development programme, Human Resources Development Programme, Training, Action Research, Monitoring Evaluation etc. A study was carried out during March -May, 2005 in 10 area offices. The age of the programme was considered in selecting the area office. Data were collected from 1218 households in 68 sanities that included 50 from indigenous and 18 from non-indigenous community. The indigenous communities represented santal, oraon and pahan community. The major findings indicated that the proprammes of Ashari produced positive impact in the livelihood of its members. Before joining the programme most of them had somehow managed two meals but now they have three meals a day. They now go to qualified doctors and spend money form Medicare which was unthinkable way back.

About 70 percent people have their own homesteads at present as opposed to 64 per cent two years from now which was 30% in 1990 (Ali A. 1994, santal of Bangladesh), eighty per cent families have bought land an 41 % families have now more than two-roomed house compared to 100% own roomed house in 1990. Thirty five families have own cultivable land that was 34% two years back. One per cent families have acquired own land during two years. Overall, the livestock rearing house stand at 74% now as opposed to 68% showing an increase of 6%. The families with cows and buffalos have been rise to 54% from 49%. The families with goats, sheep and pigs climbed to 61 % from 55%. The highest loan utilisation of IGA loan was found in poultry, fisheries and livestock (32%) with an average loan of Tk. 3224 followed by agriculture (27%) with average loan of Tk 3326, small trade (20%) with average loan of Tk 4239 and land lease/purchase (8) with average loan of Tk. 5307. about 77% of the total loans was disbursed in the aforesaid there sub-sectors while 12% was disbursed for land purchase/lease. About 15% families have been involved in rickshaw van driving, grocery business, green grocery, masonry, working as laboures in brick fields, black smith, hairdressing, tea stall, tailoring, sweet meat shops, drivers, hotel boys, etc. The study stated that sowings management should be revised, micro enterprise promise potential, reorganisation Financial Services Development programme yielded results, participatory approach in education needed, monogenetic partner groups found effective, etc.

Rathman (2004) in another a study on "impact of institutional credit on socio-economic development of Tribals found that most of the families were medium in size (4-5 persons) extended to individual families, women have always played an important role in labour market in the tribal areas. In the sample population 32.61 percent were literate of which 40.30 per cent males and 23.20 per cent females. Out of the 260 sample households, 61 fall in the category of marginal farmers end 123 households were small farmers. The study showed that the land tenure status of tribal households was uncertain and they had been struggling hard for existence for several decades. In fact, the poor indigenous people had been exploited by a handful of wealthy families for long time due to ignorance and innocence. On the contrary, the continuous failure to repay loans made the indigenous people fell into the traps of a vicious circle of low earnings, poverty and indebtedness. The institutional credit for the indigenous people was influenced by various factors like size of loan, purpose of loan and subsidies, repayment behaviour of the loan recipients and majority of the household borrowed loan mainly from institutional sources, still they had lived at the mercy of the private traders, professional money lenders and commission agents for consumption credit. The study made some suggestions such as (i) the government schemes be implemented with proper effect; (ii) while preparing the tribal subplan, the needs and skills of the tribal should be taken into consideration; (iii) there is a need to launch an awareness campaign among the largeted borrowers; (iv) it was necessary to improve the opera in the tribal district of existing credit institutions in the tribal district and wean away the tribal people from the clutches of money lenders and the non-institutional agencies by offering specialised services and finally (v) the concept of self-help groups (SHGs) through specialised NGOs with tribal animators should be popularised in tribal areas.

From the review of literature it is not possible to arrive at a conclusion regarding the actual role of micro credit on the development of indigenous peoples. These studies do not often provide adequate analysis of historical pattern and conclusive evidence on diversified role of micro credit in employment as well as in income growth. Furthermore, these studies do not raise many of the questions and issues, which are required to explore the dynamics of change. However, they remain the point of departure for a more specific and contemporary look at the issues. The specific objectives of the study are: to evaluate the policies and programmes of micro credit with reference to indigenous people; to study the socio-economic profile of the sample households in the study area; to assess the impact of imcrocredit on the development of the indigenous people; to suggest policy implications arising out of the study;

The data for the study were collected both from the secondary and primary sources. The data collected from secondary sources were required to fulfil the objective of policies and programmes of microcredit with special reference to the indigenous people. The data were collected by way of consulting various documents of PKSF, Bangladesh Bank, CDF, Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh etc. Questions are usually raised about the reliability of the statistics provided by the govt. departments on microcredit. But since this is the only source of information, there is no choice but to use it keeping in view the limitation of such data. Because of various constraints imposed by time and money available the study could not but be confined to only limited areas of three districts of Bangladesh. Before selecting the district, the step taken was the consideration of the coverage/population of indigenous people of different districts of Bangladesh. It was thought that the districts with the highest coverage study, accordingly Tangail, Dinajpur and Rajshahi districts were chosen for the study. Next step was to select a number for upazilas from those chosen districts where the concentration of indigenous people were more. There were as many as twenty-five Upazilas in these three districts and it was decided to select a few upazilas for field work because it was neither possible nor manageable to cover all upazilas for an indepth field study under the constraints of limited time, fund and other logistic facilities. Accordingly, Modhupur Upazila of Tangail district, Birampur Upazila of Dinajpur district and Tanare upazila of Rajshahi district were-selected for the study. For the purpose of collecting data through survey method, one hundred households from each upazila were purposively selected,. Thus the total field work is an important aspect where much effort was made for collecting valuable data related to the objectives of the study. The work schedule was prepared on the approved research proposal as well as the availability of the field investigators for data collection, the researcher depended mainly on interview schedule for quantitative data and case study as well as observation for qualitative data. Before finalising the schedule, it was protested by interviewing some farmers and a few households to judge the suitability of the schedule in real life situation. All protesting aimed at providing some ideas about the length of time required for interview, feedback on the suitability of the questions and the show of the sequence of the questions. Necessary rectification, modification and change in the interview schedule were made on the basis of findings of the presetting, the modified schedule was then printed for use in the collection of data. Field interview in the study area was carried out by the researcher as well as two field investigators of BARD. It took a period of five months from the 20th day of February 2007 to 19th July, 2007. After completing the field work and receiving all schedules in hand, efforts were made for processing and analysing the collect data. The technique of analysis of data were adopted in keeping with the objectives of the study. The researcher used simple arithmetic main and percentages in most of the tables in the study. Moreover, simple correlation co-efficient was carried out. It was neither possible nor desirable to convert all the qualitative data except for some that were important, into quantitative form to support analysis of facts. The researchers’ observations as well as impressions were helpful for analysing the true picture of the study area.

Information on different socio-economic aspects the households under study like age, education, occupation, household size, land holding, etc, are discussed in this chapter. The purpose of describing socio-economic characteristics of the sample households are to know their existing position in the society and evaluate the influence of socio-economic parameters on employment generation and income growth through micro credit operation in the study areas.

The study shows Distribution of Population of the respondent's households according to the study areas and religion. It is observed that in Tanore Upazila, out of 100 households, there are 436 population and the average size of household is 4.36. Out of the total households, 31 are Hindus and 69 are Christians. In Modhupur Upazila, out of 100 households, there are 5.04 population and the average size of household is 5.04. Out of the total households, 02 are Hindues and 98 are Christians. In Birampur Upazila, out of 100 households, there are 46 population and the average size of households is 4.60. Out of the total households, 04 Hindus and 96 Christians. In all, out of the total 300 households under study, there are 1400 population and the average size of households is 4.67. Out of the total households, 37 are Hindus and 263 are Christians.

The study shows distribution of population according to education and study areas. It reveals that out of the total population 396 (32.11%) are illiterate of which female illiteracy is more (211) as compared to male (185). The literate indigenous population is only 105 (85.%) from SSC to Master's degree. This indicates that the indigenous people are far behind in achieving higher education as compared to the other sections of people in the country.

The study shows distribution of population according to occupation and study area. It reveals that 32.09 percent of the population is involved in day labour whereas 16.32 per cent is involved in agriculture and 2.74 per cent involved in business activities. Only 0.24, 0.08 and 0.32 percent are involved in mechanics, driving and sewing/tailoring. It is interesting to note that agriculture is not the dominant occupation of the indigenous people of the study areas.

From the study it is observed that Cultivable Land enjoyed the highest acreage (267.29) as compared to Gardening 117.39 acres, Homestead 54.88 acres, Ponds 1.30 acres and Fallow Land 0.30 acres. The study shows Operated Agricultural Land of the households. It is observed that the own land of the households in three Upazilas is 267.29 acres and that of total operated land of the households is 429.14 acres That indicates that the indigenous people of Modhupur own and operate more agricultural land as compared to Birampur and Tanore.

The credit procured even for economic activities like agriculture and allied activities becomes overdue due to low yield agriculture and allied activities which further compel the indigenous people to procure loans and spend the amount borrowed for unproductive uses. The continuous failure to repay loans makes the indigenous people fall into the trap of a vicious circle of low earnings, poverty and indebtedness (Fashimuddin, 1983). The significant sources of credit in those areas are moneylenders-cum-traders, friends and relatives., cooperatives and commercial banks. Nevertheless, non-institutional agencies still dominated the credit scenes in most of the areas inhabited by indigenous people. Hence, one of the glaring facts of this economics is continued indebtedness to money-lenders. Again, many debts of the people are passed on from generation to generation and thus reduce the debtors finally to the status of bonded labours.

Microcredit to those household is influenced by various factors viz, size of loan, purposes of loan and subsidies, repayment behaviour of the tribal, etc. The majority of the households borrowed loans mainly from institutional credit sources for productive purposes. They were still at the mercy of private traders, professional moneylenders and commission agents, to meet consumption credit needs as most of the credit institutions play a limited role in this regard. The average size of the loans for the major activities varied according to the borrower's gender and the purpose for which the loan was taken. For most of the activities, female borrowers receive smaller loans than male borrowers, which accounted for Tk. 11630 on an average, respectively. The average size of current loan received by tribal households was estimated Tk. 8668 in Tanore. This is higher than the average size of current loans of Tk. 6610 and Rk. 8171 received by households in Modhupur and Birampur. About 85.45 per cent of households reported that they prefer to avail of short-term crops loans instead of agricultural term loans due to higher scope for expansion in the primary sector.

The study presents the purpose-wise microcredit and subsidy availed by indigenous households. Out of the total number of households in the three Upazilas, abot 59 percent took loans and subsidies for farming and allied activities. This is followed by 15.4 percent for small business and retail trade, 15.0 percent for carpentry/mason 5.3% for Tailoring and 5.3% for Rickshawpulling. It is pertinent to note that the size of total credit assistance per household is the lowest in respect of small business and retail trade and other allied activities both in Tanore and Modhupur. Repayment of loan dues @ of 87.82 and 85 percent of the borrowers were recorded in the tribal households in the three Upazilas either partly or fully.

It is evident from the study that the average amount of investment was higher in non- agricultural investment than in the other investment including agriculture. It is observed that on an average per household capital formation was higher in post-loan period as compared to pre-loan period in all the Upazilas under study But in comparative profile, accumulated capital per household was higher in Modhupur and Birampur as compared to Tanore Upazila.

It is evident from the study that the changing principal occupation between pre and post- loan period was highest in respect of small business and retail trade in all the Upazilas under study. In fact, majority of households reported having poor incomes before availing of microcredit. However, this situation has changed during the post loan period by involving 60 per cent of households in high income earning and employment generating occupations in the tertiary sector with the help of microcredit.

Opportunity for better utilisation of available manpower should be created through programmes of horticulture, animal husbandry, piggery and other allied occupation. The main objective of financing institutions is to create investment opportunities for poor tribal of various economic activities. There are two aspects of employment generation highlighted in this study. They are generation of new employment for the previously un-employed and providing additional unemployment for the unemployed. Before availing of microcredit, an average borrower was employed for about 94 standard days in Tanore Upazila 100 standard days in Modhupur Upazila and 91 standard days in Birampur Upazila in a year in the activity for which loan was taken. At the time of study, such employment was calculated at 196, 196 and 197 standard days a year in three Upazilas respectively. The generation of new employment created is reflected in changes in the proportion of households members participating in income earning activities which was about 108.5, per cent in Tanore, 96.0 per cent in Modhupur and 116,48 per cent Birampur.

In order to provide more employment opportunities to the indigenous community and raise their income level's, the credit institutions have started a drive with all emphasis on credit development schemes under different sectors. The bulk of the credit flows are for the primary sectors. Schemes operated under each of these sectors aim at increasing incremental income through capital material and technological inputs calculated to raise productivity and production. In the earlier times, the operations were community oriented, but now they tend to be more individual oriented.

The study highlighted that the average net annual income per household witnessed a comfortable increase from pre to post-loan period. The overall average net income per households which was Tk. 15.194 in pre-loan period rose to Tk. 20,779 in post-loan period in Tanore Upazila and from Tk. 15,064 to Tk. 21.077 in Modhupur Upazila whereas in Birampur upazila the average net income per household rose from Tk. 12,172 to Tk.15,482 during this period. The overall average net income per household which rose to Tk. 5,585 (37.0%) in post-loan period in Tanore Upazila, Tk. 6,013 (40.0 per cent) in Modhupur Upazila whereas in Birampur Upazila average net income per household rose to Tk. 3,670 (30.2 per cent) during the study period.

Exploitation of indigenous people occurs through imposition of usurious rate of interest, fraud in purchase and sale of produce/products, payment of wages much lower than the statutory prescribed minimum, debt bondage, liquor vending, etc. Indebtedness is a socio-economic drag on the life and culture of the indigenous. Unproductive expenditure on social and religious ceremonies, heavy consumption of liquor, purchase of ornaments, etc. keep the indigenous in the inextricable bondage of indebtedness (Gupta, S.R., 1975). Due to easy flow of credit for consumption and social needs, the credit institutions are not only trying to eliminate the professional moneylenders from the credit market but also to reduce the heavy burden of private debts of the indigenous.

It is evident from the study that the professional money lenders and landlords who were the major sources of indigenous credit in the past lost their grip on the indigenous economy due to the intervention of credit institutions in indigenoues credit. This is due to increase in the size and flow of instutional credit on an average per household from pre to post-loans period to the tune of Tk. 4077 in Tanore Upazila (63.97 per cent), Tk. 3830 (84.30 per cent) in Modhupur and Tk. 2403 (36.66 cent) in Birampur Upazila. Activity- wise, the average amount of institutional credit was highest for agricultural activities which rose from Tk 7500 to Tk. 13333, Tk. 5067 to 9485 and Tk. 8450 to 10,529 in the three Upazilas respectively. Another striking feature of this analysis is the majority of digenous households still depend on non-institutional agencies to meet their consumption and other social needs though the size of non-institutional credit decline drastically both in the farm and non-farm sectors. The non-institutional sources of credit declined to the lowest level of 48.62 per cent in Tanore, 23.43. per cent in Modhupur and 4.05 per cent in Birampure Upazila during the post-loan period because of increased supply of credit through credit institutions in study areas.

The main focus of economic planning today is on raising the living standards of poor people, particularly of those who are living below the poverty line. The credit institutions can form the ideal institutional pattern to act as the agents of such economic and social change because they can bring these people within a common fold and supplement their meagre resources by institutional credit. It is apparent that there was a significant improvement in the standard of living of the indigenous people during the post-loan period. About 74.5 per cent of households in Tanore, 82 per cent in Modhupur and 80 per cent in Birampur reported that their economic conditions and social status had improved after availing of institutional credit. The reasons for the improvement were increase in annual net income, incremental, income accumulation of capital, generation of additional employment opportunities, i.e cost of credit, etc. Due to the same reasons, the percentage of improvement in the living standard of indigenous households was slightly higher in Tanore and Modhupur than in Birampur. Thus, an overwhelming majority of the indigenous households (79.3 per cent) felt that the credit institutions made a positive contribution to their standard of living.

It is evident that institutional credit has indeed, helped the indigenous people in raising levels of incomes and in generation of new employment opportunities and thereby has improved economic position. This impact has induced the credit institutions to expand their activities in the indigenoues areas. Further, effectives cost of institutional credit was very much lower even including incidental charges when compared to the effectives cost of non-institutional credit. Most of the indigenoues households expressed that with the help of institutional credit they were able to reduce their dependence on non-institutional credit sources and also were able to partially elimine middlemen. On the other hand, institutional credit gave them an opportunity to improve bargaining capacity by realising better prices for their products and services during the lean period. Institutional credit has, thus, significantly influenced the development of indigenous people in many ways.

In order to find out the indepth relationship, if any, between these two variables the correlation co-efficient and test analysis has been calculated in this study. In fact, institutional credit is treated as treated as independent variable whereas socio-economic development of tribals is treated as dependent variable. Dependent variables include dependent variables like income, occupation, employment and capital accumulation, size of private debt and level of standard of living. All these variables are variables. Institutional credit was positively related to various ariabes of tribal development and proved that there was a significant correlation co-efficient at 5 per cent between the two variables. From this, it was implied that the increased credit assistance had generated additional employment opportunities for indigenous households, increased their incremental income changed their principal occupation, reduced their private debt. helped in accumulation of their capitaland improved their standards of living.

The study concluded with the following recommendations Firstly, the government schemes should be implemented with proper effect, considering the economic conditions of the indigenous people. Secondly, a need-based approach in essential while planning the programmes and committed, competent and dedicated officers with adequate training are required for implementation of development programmes Thirdly, while preparing the plan for the indigenous people, the needs and skills of local people and views of their leaders/community should be taken into consideration. Fourthly, the households have been offered schemes for which they do not have necessary aptitude and experience. Fifthly, in case of livestock loans instead of supplying one animal at a time, two to three animals should be supplied at a time with financial assistance adequate to cover construction of a shed and working capital to raise fodders, etc. Sixthly, there is a need to launch an awareness campaign among the targeted borrowers. Seventhly, it is necessary to improve the operational efficiency of existing credit institutions in the indigenous areas in the districts and wean away the tribal people from the clutches of moneylenders and the non-institutional agencies by offering specialised services. Eighthly, there is a need to tighten the supervision and monitoring mechanism and provide greater autonomy in the operation of credit institutions and to improve their lending policies and procedures. Ninthly, strict supervision should be maintained by the concerned bank officials on the proper utilisation of finance for productive purpose and also to avoid diversion of funds for other purposes Tenthly, the concept of Self-Help Groups through specialised NGOs with indigenous animators should be popularised in indigenous areas.

(The author is a Director of BARD, Kotbari, Comilla, Bangladesh. Email: mihirbard@yahoo.com .)